Kalam yang akan dibahas disini adalah kalam dalam ilmu nahwu, maka pemahaman kalam dalam ilmu nahwu berbeda dengan pemahaman kalam dalam ilmu kalam, ilmu tauhid, ilmu manthiq, ilmu fiqih maupun ilmu-ilmu lain.
Kalam dalam ilmu nahwu berarti perkataan, kalam dalam bahasa Arab (كلام). Kalam adalah objek kajian dalam ilmu nahwu yaitu keadaan huruf dan harakat akhir dalam sebuah kata bahasa Arab.
Perlu diingat !
• Kalimat (كلمة/ كلمات) Dalam bahasa Arab khususnya dalam pembahasan nahwu berarti KATA.
• Jumlah (جملة) Dalam bahasa Arab khususnya dalam pembahasan nahwu berarti KALIMAT.
Pengertian Kalam
الكلام : هو اللَفْظُ المُرَكّبُ المُفِيدُ بِالوَضْعِ
Kalam : Adalah suatu lafaz yang tersusun berfaedah dan disengaja.
اللفظ : النُّطْق باللسان
Lafaz adalah pengucapan dengan lisan.
اللفظ : الصَوتُ المُشْتَمِلُ على بَعض حُروف الهجائيّةِ التي أولها الأَلفُ و أخرُها اليَاءُ
Lafaz adalah suara yang mengandung sebagian huruf-huruf hijaiyyah yang awalnya Alif dan huruf terakhirnya ya’.
* Tulisan menurut ahli nahwu tidak dikategorikan kalam begitu juga dengan isyarat sekalipun orang paham karena isyarat tidak mengandung lafaz.
Misalnya, seseorang menulis di kertas إجْلِسْ yang berarti duduk, ini tidak dianggap kalam karena tidak ada lafaz atau bunyi, secara syariat termasuk kalam, ulama fiqih menganggap itu kalam, Tapi bagi ulama nahwu itu bukan kalam.
المركّب : تَرْكيبًا إسْناديّا تحصُل به الفَائدة
Tarsusun adalah susunan yang bersandar (kepada kata yang lain) yang menghasilkan faedah/fungsi.
المركب : من كلمتين فأكثر تركيبا إسناديا
Tersusun artinya terdiri atas 2 kata atau lebih sehingga menjadi susunan yang saling bersandar.
*Baik itu tersusun secara haqiqi (nyata), contoh (قام زيد) terdiri dari fi’il dan fa’il jelas tampak, ataupun taqdir (tersirat) contoh (قُمْ) artinya berdirilah, dalam nahwu ini dianggap kalam karena terdiri dari 2 kata, namun taqdir atau tersirat, dibalik kata tersebut ada dhomir yang tersembunyi yaitu kamu.
المفيد : فائدة يحسن السكوت عليها
Berfaedah artinya berfungsi perkataannya sehingga orang yang medengar diam (artinya tidak bertanya lagi apa yang iakatakan karena sudah paham).
المفيد : المفهم، يحسن السكوت المتكلّم عليه
Berfaedah maksudnya Paham, artinya lawan bicara sudah paham dan mengerti apa yang diucapkan si pembicara.
بالوضع : المفيد بالقصد وبوضع العربي
Pertama : Pembicara harus sengaja dan sadar dalam perkataannya dengan maksud yang jelas. Maka, perkataan orang mabuk, orang gila, orang tidur, orang mengigau tidak dikategorikan kedalam kalam.
Kedua : orang yang sadar tersebut berbicara bahasa Arab dan orang Arab yang mendengarnya paham. Karena kalam yang dimaksud disini oleh para ahli nahwu adalah bahasa Arab.
Maka, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa Kalam dalam ilmu nahwu harus terdiri dari 4 syarat diatas tadi yaitu lafaz, murakkab, mufid, waza’. Jika tidak terdiri dari 4 kompenen tersebut atau kurang salah satunya maka tidak dianggap kalam.
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Pembagian Kalam
Kalam dalam ilmu nahwu dibagi 3 (tiga).
Pembagian sebatas ini perlu kepada pemahaman. Jika ada orang bertanya, apa dalil pembagian kalam itu ada tiga? Apakah fi dalam Al-quran ada disebutkan kalam ada 3? Atau dalam sunnah? Atau ada dalam qiyas? Ataupun ada disebutkan dalam qiyas terkait dalil kalam itu dibagi 3?.
Tidak ada dalil dalam Al-quran, hadist, ijma’, qiyas yang menyebutkan dalil tentang kalam itu dibagi 3. Hal-hal diatas membutuhkan kepada penetapan hukum syariah, sedangkan nahwu tidak.
Adapun kalam dibagi menjadi 3 berdasarkan penelitian dan pengamatan para ulama nahwu terhadap bahasa Arab dan ditemukan bahwa kalam tidak keluar dari 3 elemen yaitu : Isim, fi’il dan huruf.
Isim adalah sesuatu yang menunjukkan makna pada dirinya, contoh nama orang, nama benda dan lain-lain.
Fi’il adalah sesuatu yang menunjukkan kelakuan atau pekerjaan yang diiringi salah satu zaman yang 3, yaitu mazi (lampau), mudhari (sekarang) dan Mustaqbal (akan datang).
Huruf adalah sesuatu yang tidak menunjukkan makna atsnya dan sesuatu yang selain isim dan fi’il.
Untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan simak pengertian lengkapnya dan tanda-tanda isim fi’il dan huruf pada pembahasan selanjutnya disini.
Sumber:
Syarah jurumiah Syeikh Muhammad Shaleh Al-‘utsaimin.
Kawakib Durriyah ‘Ala syarhi Mutammimah.
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