Ada 2 teori awal yang datang dari kedua ahli filologi dari Jerman yang mengemukakan pendapat mereka terkait rumpun bahasa yang ada di kalangan ummat manusia, berikut teorinya:
Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829) seorang ahli filologis dan Indologis asal Jerman membagi bahasa menjadi 3 rumpun :
1. Rumpun bahasa yang dapat ditasrif (Munsarifah). 2. Rumpun Bahasa Tarkibiyyah/Ilshoqiyyah, yaitu bahasa yang maknanya berubah dengan ditempelkan suatu kata atau suku kata di awal atau di akhir kalimat. Contoh: Bahasa jepang dan Turki.
3. Rumpun bahasa yang tidak dapat ditasrifkan.
Teori Max Müller
Teori Max Müller Friedrich Maximillian Müller (1823-1900) yang juga seorang filusuf sekaligus ahli filologis asal jerman berpendapat ada 3 rumpun bahasa secara umum yaitu:
1. Rumpun Hindia, Eropa atau Ariyyah. Contoh : Bahasa Yunani, Latin, Italia, Prancis, Spanyol, Portugal, Romania, Irlandia, Jerman, Belanda, Rusia, Persia, Sansekerta, Armenia, Albania dll.
2. Rumpun Samiyah-Hamiyah Beberapa ahli bahasa yang lain memisahkan antara menjadi rumpun Samiyah dan rumpun Hamiyah, Sedangkan Mark Muller Menggabungkan keduanya karena ada kesamaan dari daerah pengguna bahasa dari kedua rumpun ini baik dari aspek peradaban, tempat yang berdekatan dsb.
3. Rumpun Turoniyyah, Yaitu bahasa-bahasa yang tidak termasuk dalam rumpun kedua dia atas. Tidak sama halnya dengan bahasa-bahasa di rumpun diatas yang memiliki kesamaan, Bahasa-bahasa dalam rumpun ini tidak sama satu sama lain.
Hamiyah (Ham Bin Nuh a.s). Contoh: Mesir Kuno, Barbariyah dll.
Samiyah (Sam Bin Nuh a.s). Contoh: Yaman, Habasyah, Iraq, sebagian Asia Barat dan Jazirah Arab (Kufah dan Basrah). Rumpun ini memiliki beberapa keistimewaan antara lain sebagai berikut :
– Ada beberapa hurufnya yang tidak terdapat pada bahasa lain. – Dhamirnya ada yang terpisah ada yang tersambung. – Dibentuk atau dibaca dengan baris (Harakat). – Huruf Ta’ ت menjadi pembeda antara laki-laki dengan perempuan. – Katanya berasal dari 3 Huruf asli. Contoh: كتب . – Hanya terdapat dua zaman (Madhi dan Mudhari’), Sedangkan dalam bahasa ariyah terdapat banyak zaman.
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