Definisi Isim, Fi’il, Huruf Beserta Tanda-Tandanya
Pada artikel sebelumnya sudah dibahas mengenai pengertian kalam dan pembagiannya, dimana kalam atau kalimat dibagi menjadi 3 yaitu Isim, Fi’il dan huruf.
Di artikel sebelumnya sudah dipaparkan juga terkait makna isim, fi’il dan huruf. Namun, dalam perjalanannya nanti kita tentu harus bisa membedakan ketiga kompenen tersebut.
Para ulama nahwu telah menjelaskan bahwa cara untuk mengetahui atau mengidentifikasi, mana yang namanya isim mana yang namanya fi’il dan mana yang disebut huruf yaitu melalui tanda-tandanya.
Maka, dengan adanya ciri-ciri atau tanda tersebut kita bisa mengetahui bahwa itu isim, fi’il atau huruf.
Untuk lebih paham, kita lihat kembali definisi isim, fi’il dan huruf secara lebih mendalam
Definisi Isim
Isim dalam bahasa Arab adalah kata yang menujukkan atas makna sendirinya atau dalam istilah lain punya makna sendiri.
Biasanya isim menjadi pelaku dalam kalimat atau menjadi objek. Contoh isim ; nama orang, nama benda dan lain-lain.
Tanda-Tanda Isim
1. Khofaz (خفض), tanda isim yang pertama adalah khofaz, ulama Basrah mendefinisikan khoaz sebagai Jar dan ulama Kufah menyebut khofaz.
Pada hakikatnya sama karena khofaz itu baris kasrah dan jar itu nama hukum bagi baris kasrah.
Contoh : مرَرْتُ برجلٍ كريمٍ
Kata rojul dan kata karim pada contoh adalah isim ditandai dengan khofaz atau harakat kasrah atau kasratain.
2. Tanwin (التنوين), Tanwin tidak menjadi tanda kecuali hanya tanda untuk isim, jika kamu menemukan kata bahasa Arab di dalam kalimat atau teks bertanwin maka itu adalah isim.
Contoh : رَجُلٌ – رجلٍ – رجلًا
Kata rojulun diatas adalah isim karena harakatnya tanwin.
Contoh : مررت برجلٍ
Kata rajulin pada contoh ini adalah isim, tandanya tanwin dan khofaz.
3. Masuknya Alim Lam, jika kamu menemukan kata dalam bahasa Arab ada alif dan lamnya maka itu isim.
Contoh : اليْلُ قَصِيْرٌ
Kata Lail adalah isim tandanya ada alif lam dan qasir juga isim tandanya tanwin.
4. Huruf Khofaz/Huruf Jar, jika masuk salah satu huruf jar ke sebuah kata maka jar lah kata tersebut dan menjadi tau kita bahwa kata tersebut isim karena masuknya salah satu huruf jar.
Contoh : بِرَجُلٍ
Kata pada contoh adalah isim tandanya dengan masuk huruf jar yaitu ب, sekaligus ditandai dengan adanya tanwin dan khofaz.
Huruf jar ada 19, yaitu :
• من
• إلى
• عنْ
• على
• في
• ربّ
• واو لربّ
• الباء
• الكاف
• اللام
• باء القسم
• واو القسم
• تاء القسم
• مذ
• منذ
• حتّى
• حاش
• عدا
• خلا
Definisi Fi’il
Fi’il adalah kata kerja dalam bahasa Arab yang mengnadung zaman atau masa, masa lalu disebut mazi, masa sekarang disebut mudhari dan masa medatang disebut mustaqbal.
Kata kerja dalam bahasa Arab ada 3, Kata kerja untuk penggunaan lampau disebut fi’il mazi, kata kerja untuk penggunaan sekarang dan masa mendatang disebut fi’il mudhari sedangkan kata kerja untuk penggunaan perintah disebut fi’il amar.
Tanda-tanda Fi’il
1. Qad (قد), Semua kata dalam bahasa arab yang didahului oleh qad adalah fi’il. Qad menjadi tanda bagi fi’il mazi dan fi’il mudhari, jika masuk ke fiil mazi memberi makna sungguh atau benar-benar, jika masuk ke fiil mudhari memberi makna kadang-kadang.
قد قال = Benar-benar telah berkata.
قد يقول = Kadang-kadang ia berkata.
Contoh : قَدْ ذهب
Kata zahaba pada contoh diatas adalah fi’il tandanya karena didahului oleh qad.
2. Sin (س), jika sebuah kata didahului huruf sin maka kata tersebut adalah fi’il, sin hanya masuk ke fiil mudhari dan memberi makna akan (dalam waktu dekat/segera)
Contoh : سيذهب
Artinya akan pergi, kata yazhabu diatas adalah fi’il karena didahului huruf sin.
3. سوف, yang berarti akan (dalam waktu yang lama), jika sebuah kata di dahului oleh saufa maka kata tersebut adalah fi’il, dan saufa hanya menjadi tanda bagi fiil mudhari.
Contoh : سوف يذهب
Artinya ia akan pergi. Kata yazhabu diatas adalah fi’il karena ada saufa sebelumnya.
4. Ta’ ta’nits yang sukun (تْ), jika sebuah kata dalam bahasa Arab berakhiran huruf ta’ ta’nits yang sukun maka kata tersebut tergolong fi’il.
Contoh : ذهبتْ
Artinya ia (perempuan) telah pergi, kata zahaba pada contoh adalah kata kerja atau fi’il karena berakhiran ta’ ta’nits yang sukun.
Definisi Huruf
Huruf adalah kata yang tidak mengandung tanda-tanda isim maupun tanda-tanda fi’il. Huruf yang dimaksud disini bukanlah huruf hijaiyyah melainkan huruf-huruf seperti huruf jar, hurus nawasib fi’il mudhari, huruf jazam, dan lain-lain, yang mana huruf-huruf tersebut memiliki makna.
Contoh huruf adalah huruf jar seperti yang telah dipaparkan di atas dan huruf-huruf tersebut memiliki makna.
Tanda-tanda Huruf
Huruf tidak memiliki tanda, tanda-tanda nya adalah tidak ada padanya tanda-tanda isim maupun tanda-tanda fi’il.
Contoh : كوردة
Artinya seperti bunga, huruf kaf pada contoh adalah huruf yang memilkki makna seperti.
Kesimpulan
Itulah paparan tentang definisi isim, definisi fi’il, definisi huruf dalam pembahasan ilmu nahwu, diuraikan pula mengenai tanda-tanda dari ketiga item tersebut. jika artikel ini bermanfaat silahkan pantengin trus artikel-artikel tentang ilmu nahwu lainnya di https://ghoorib.com/ jangan lupa juga share artikel ini ke teman-teman kamu. terimakasih…
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