Sebagaimana yang kita tau, hampir semua yang ada di dunia ini berpasang-pasangan. Begitu juga dengan manusia.
Dalam penggunaan kata bahasa Arab, manusia digolongkan menjadi 2 jenis, ada anak laki-laki (ذُكُوْر – أوْلَاد) dan ada anak perempuan (إنَاث – بَنَاتُ). Ada pria dan wanita, atau dalam istilah bahasa arabnya (رِجَال – نِسَاء).
Tidak hanya manusia, dalam bahasa Arab hewan juga dikategorikan menjadi dua jenis, seperti contoh kucing jantan disebut (قِطٌّ) sedangkan kucing betina disebut (قِطَّـةٌ). Atau contoh lainnya misalkan ayam jantan disebut (دِيْكٌ) dan ayam betina disebut (دَجَاجَةٌ).
Jadi, dalam bahasa Arab, kata ditinjau dari jenisnya ada 2 macam, MUZAKKAR dan MUANNATS.
Coba perhatikan kata-kata berikut:
حَسَن – أحْمَدْ – أبي – أَخِيْ -مُعَلِّمٌ – زَيدٌ – أسَدٌ
Semua isim tersebut adalah mudzakkar karena langsung bisa kita fahami bahwa kata-kata tersebut ditujukan kepada laki-laki.
Kemudian coba perhatikan kata-kata dalam bahasa Arab berikut ini:
سَلْمَى – نَورَة – أمي – أُخْتِيْ -معلمة – دجاجة.
Isim-isim tersebut langsung bisa kita fahami jenisnya muannats karena ditujukan untuk perempuan.
Mudzakkar dan Muannats dibagi dua: Hakiki dan Majazi
Mudzakkar hakiki adalah kata dalam bahasa Arab yang merujuk pada makhluk hidup yang berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Seperti:
رَجُلٌ، وَلَدٌ، طِفلٌ، أسَد…
Muannats hakiki adalah kata dalam bahasa Arab yang ditujukan atas makhluk hidup yang berjenis kelamin perempuan. Contoh:
امرأة، بنْت، طِفلَة، دَجَاجة…
Adapun mudzakkar majazi dan muannats majazi adalah isim atau kata benda dalam bahasa Arab yang ditujukan untuk benda mati, nantinya bisa kita bedakan melalui tanda-tandanya.
Dari uraian di atas, kita sudah paham apa itu mudzakkar dan apa itu muannats, baik yang hakiki dan yang majazi.
Nah, pertanyaannya bagaimana kita membedakan anatara muannats dan mudzakkar dalam bahasa Arab?
Penting untuk kita ketahui, bahwa asal kata dalam bahasa Arab adalah mudzakkar.
Adapun sebab musabab sebuah kata dalam bahasa Arab dikategorikan mudzakkar tidak adam karena memang ketika tercipta kalimat tersebut sudah begitu adanya.
Contoh;
كِتَــابٌ – قَلَـمٌ – يَوْمٌ – أُسْبُوعٌ – قَــمَرٌ
Apakah terdapat tanda-tanda pada mudzakkar dan muannats dalam bahasa Arab? Jawabnnya ada.
Pada mudzakkar tidak ada tanda, karena dia merupakan asal kata bahasa Arab. Ini tanda yang pertama.
Kedua, jika pada suatu kata bahasa Arab nantinya terdapat tanda muannats, maka itu bukan muzakkar.
Contoh Mudzakkar;
مُدَرِّسٌ – كِتَـابٌ – فَصْلٌ – بَيْتٌ
Adapun pada muannats terdapat 3 (tiga) tanda.
1. Ta’ Marbutah (ة)
Ta’ marbutah adalah salah satu tanda bagi muannats yang paling sering dijumpai.
Contoh;
شَجَرَةٌ – سَيَّارَةٌ – فِرْقَةٌ – غُرْفَةٌ
Kita juga bisa merubah sebagian besar kata dalam bahasa Arab dari muzakkar ke muannats dengan menambahkan ta’ marbutah.
Contoh;
2. Alif maqsurah
Alif maqsurah merupakan tanda pada suebuah kata yang muannats dalam bahasa Arab. Alif maqsurah biasanya terletak pada isim, kata benda dan kata sifat.
Contoh;
3. Alif Mamdudah
Alif mamdudah adalah salah satu tanda bagi kata bahasa Arab yang dikategorikan ke dalam muannats. Alif mamdudah juga terdapat pada isim, kata benda dan kata sifat.
Contoh;
Lantas, mengapa kita perlu mengetahui jenis kata dalam bahasa Arab? Apakah kata tersebut mudzakkar atau muannats? Apa manfaatnya?
Ternyata sangat penting bagi kita untuk mengetahui perbedaan kata yang muannats dan yang mudzakkar. Antara lain sebagai berikut:
Kata Sifat (الصّفة)
Dalam bahasa Arab, aturan gramatikal kata sifat mengikuti isim yang disifatinya, baik ketika ta’nist atau tadzkir.
Jika isim dikategorikan mudzakkar, maka kata sifatnya juga harus mudzakkar. Begitupula jika isim tersebut muannats, maka kata sifatnya juga wajib muannats.
Contoh kata sifat yang mudzakkar:
Kata bahasa Arab yang berwarna merah pada contoh adalah kata sifat mudzakkar karena menyesuaikan dengan isimnya yang juga mudzakkar.
Kata bahasa Arab yang berwarna merah pada contoh adalah kata sifat muannats karena menyesuaikan dengan isimnya yang juga muannats.
Kata Tunjuk (اسم الإشارة)
Isim isyarah atau kata tunjuk dalam bahasa Arab dibagi menjadi dua kategori secara umum, ada yang digunakan untuk menunjuk kata yang berjenis mudzakkar dan adapula yang digunakan untuk menunjuk kata yang berjenis muannats.
Maka, ketika kita menggunakan isim isyarah dalam kalimat bahasa Arab harus sesuai mudzakkar dan muannatsnya.
Contoh isim isyarah yang mudzakkar:
Contoh isim isyarah yang muannats:
Dhomir (الضّمير)
Dhomir adalah kata ganti dalam bahasa Arab yang bisa mewakili nama orang, pembicara, lawan bicara, dan orang ketiga dalam pembicaraan.
Dhomir juga dikategorikan untuk mudzakkar (laki-laki) dan untuk perempuan (muannats)
Baca pembahasan tentang dhomir munfashil di website ghoorib.
Baca pembahasan tentang dhomir muttashil di website ghoorib.
Contoh dhomir mudzakkar dalam kalimat:
Kata Kerja (الفعل)
Cara mengetahui tanda muannats pada kata kerja atau fi’il adalah jika pelakunya (faa’il) muannats.
Contoh pada fi’il madhi:
جَاءَتْأُمّي
رَجَعَتْالتِّلْمِـيْذَةُ
Contoh pada fi’il mudhari’:
تَأْكُلُهِنْدٌ
تَدْرُسُأخْتِيْ
Contoh pada fi’il amar:
اِذْهَبِـيْ يَا عَائِشَة
تَفَضَّلِيْيَا مريم
Khobar (الخبر)
Seperti yang kita tahu, khobar selalu mengikut aturan mubtada’. Termasuk pada jenisnya, apakah mudzakkar dan muannats.
هند جميلةٌ
هاشمٌ شجاعٌ
الطبيبُ ماهرٌ
Kemudian, apakah ada jika suatu kata atau isim dalam bahasa Arab dikategorikan mudzakkar tapi mengandung tanda muannats.
Contoh:
حمزة
Kata “Hamzah” merupakan muannats pada lafaz, tapi mudzakkar pada makna atau arti.
Isim seperti ini, berlaku seperti hukum mudzakkar pada 5 hal yang telah kita bahas di atas. Seperti:
هذا حمزة
جاء حمزة
حمزة قوي
Terkadang ada juga kata atau isim yang dikategorikan muannats tidak ada tanda muannats.
Contoh:
هِنْدٌ
Kata “Hindun” muannats pada makna bukan pada lafaz, tetapi tetap berlaku aturan nahwu seperti aturan nahwu.
جَاءَتْ هِنْدٌ
هِنْدٌ جَمِيْلَةٌ
Ini menandakan bahwa peninjauan mudzakkar dan muannats dilihat dari segi makna.
Maka, muannats dari segi tandanya ada 3 macam:
Lafzi:
حمزة، ومعاوية، وعبيدة، وطلحة.
Maknawi:
سعاد، وعبير، وشهد، وغدير.
Lafzi dan maknawi:
سلوى، وسارة، ولبنى، وغيداء.
Sebagian kata dalam bahasa Arab bisa dikategorikan dalam kategori muannats dan mudzakkar sekaligus. Contoh:
طريقٌ طويلٌ
طريقٌ طويلَةٌ
سُوْقٌ وَاسِعَةٌ
سُوْقٌ وَاسِعٌ
Kesimpulan:
1. Isim atau kata dalam bahasa Arab dikategorikan sesuai jenis mudzakkar dan muannats.
2. Mudzakkar dan muannats ada dua macam: Hakiki (manusia dan hewan) dan Majazi(benda mati).
3. Pada dasarnya semua kata adalah mudzakkar, sehingga tidak ada tanda pada kata yang mudzakkar.
4. Tanda muannats ada 3: Ta’ marbutah, alif mamdudah, alif maqsurah.
5. Penggunaan ta’ marbutah untuk mengubah suatu kata yang mudzakkar menjadi muannats.
6. Jenis kata dalam bahasa Arab berpangaruh pada: isim isyarah, dhomir, fi’il, khobar dan sifat.
7. Muannats dibagi 3: lafzi, maknawi, dan (lafzi dan maknawi).
8. Sebagian kata dalam bahasa Arab bisa dikategorikan ke mudzakkar dan muannats. Contoh:
طريق، وسبيل، وسوق، وعنق.
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