Pengantar Ilmu Musthalahul Hadits
Pengertian Musthalahul Hadits
Musthalahul hadits adalah sebuah ilmu untuk mengidentifikasi status atau kondisi perawi dan sumber riwayat (marwi) dari aspek dapat diterima atau ditolaknya hadits tersebut.
Secara khusus, musthalahul hadits adalah ilmu khusus dengan dirayah, artinya ilmu untuk mengetahui aturan-aturan atau kaidah-kaidah untuk membantu menverifikasi dan mengenal hal keadaan para perawi dan marwi.
Manfaat / Fungsi
Adapun manfaat mempelajari ilmu musthalahul hadits adalah untuk mengenal mana yang bisa diterima dan ditolak dari seorang perawi dan para sumber riwayat (marwi).
Objek Kajian Ilmu Musthalahul Hadits
Adapun objek kajian atau fokus ilmu musthalahul hadits adalah pada perawi, sanad, dan matan.
Perawi
Perawi secara bahasa berarti pembawa atau penyambung, maka perawi adalah seseorang yang meriwayatkan hadits.
Sanad
Sanad adalah silsilah periwayatan hadits. Contoh sanad adalah sebagaimana yang disebutkan oleh Imam Bukhari r.a:
Matan
Matan adalah isi dari hadits atau apa yang diriwayatkan oleh para perawi hadits. Contoh matan hadits sebagaimana yang diriwayatkan oleh Imam Bukhari r.a:
Perbedaan Antara Hadits, Khabar, Atsar, dan Hadits Qudsi
Hadits
Hadits adalah sesuatu yang disandarkan kepada nabi Muhammad SAW dari perkataan, perbuatan, keputusan, dan ketetapan.
Khabar
Khabar sama maknanya dengan hadits, akan tetapi khabar lebih umum daripada hadits, karena khabar memiliki makna yang lebih luas dari hadits, yaitu sesuatu yang disandarkan kepada Rasulullah dan dari selain Rasulullah SAW.
Atsar
Atsar adalah setiap sesuatu yang disandarkan kepada para sahabat dan para tabi’in, akan tetapi tetap diakaitkan kepada Nabi SAW. Contoh: “Dan di dalam atsar daripada nabi SAW…”
Hadits Qudsi
Hadits qudsi adalah sesuatu yang diriwayatkan oleh Nabi Muhammad SAW daripada Allah Subhanahu wata’ala. Hadits qudsi juga dikenal dengan sebutan hadits rabbani atau hadits ilahi.
Contoh hadits qudsi:
Penting!
Adapun hadits dinisbahkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW pada lafaz dan makna juga.
Sedangkan hadits qudsi dinisbahkan kepada Allah SWT pada maknanya saja tidak lafaz, sehingga seseorang tidak beribadah dengan membaca lafaznya dan tidak dibaca dalam sholat, dan tidak dihasilkan darinya sebuah ketentuan, dan tidak diturunkan dengan cara berangsur-angsur sebagaimana diturunkannya al-quran.
Akan tetapi diantara hadits qudsi ada yang statusnya shahih, dhaif, dan maudhu’.
Pembagian Khabar
Dari Segi Cara Sampainya Kepada Kita
Pembagian khabar ditinjau dari segi cara sampainya kepada kita ada 2 macam, mutawatir dan ahad.
Hadits Mutawatir
Khabar atau hadits mutawatir adalah hadits yang diriwayatkan oleh jama’ah (sekumpulan perawi) yang menurut adat kebiasaan mustahil mereka bersepakat untuk berdusta, dan mereka (jamaah) menyandarkan sebuah hadits pada sesuatu yang konkrit.
Hadits mutawatir dibagi dua; mutawatir pada lafaz dan makna dan mutawatir pada makna saja.
Hadits mutawatir lafaz dan makna, adalah hadits mutawatir yang para perawinya sepakat pada hadits tersebut baik dalam hal lafaz ataupun makna.
Hadits mutawatir makna, adalah hadits yang disepakati oleh para perawi memiliki makna yang umum, adapun setiap hadits-hadits tersebut memiliki makna tersendiri.
Hadits mutawatir dengan dua pembagiannya memberi faedah ilmu dan amal. Pertama, ilmu untuk memastikan keshahihan alur periwayatan hadits kepada perawi yang meriwayatkan daripadanya.
Hadits Ahad
Hadits ahad adalah hadits yang diriwayatkan oleh sedikit perawi, atau dapat dipahami sebalik dari hadits mutawatir.
Pembagian Hadits Ahad
Hadits ahad ditinjau dari segi metode atau cara periwayatannya ada tiga macam: masyhur, aziz, ghorib.
Hadits Ahad Masyhur
Hadits ahad masyhur adalah hadits yang diriwayatkan setidaknya oleh tiga perawi atau lebih, namun tidak sampai pada jumlah perawi hadits mutawatir. Contoh hadits ahad masyhur:
Hadits Ahad Aziz
Hadits ahad aziz adalah hadits yang diriwayatkan oleh dua perawi saja. Contoh hadits ahad aziz:
Hadits Ahad Ghorib
Hadits ahad ghorib adalah hadits yang hanya diriwayatkan oleh hanya satu orang perawi. Contoh hadits ahad ghorib adalah hadits pertama dalam hadits arba’in yaitu hadits tentang niat.
Hadits tentang niat ini tidak diriwayatkan oleh seorang pun kecuali Sayyidina Umar bin Khattab r.a, kemudian hanya diriwayatkan kepada ‘Alqomah bin Abi Waqash, dan kemudian diriwayatkan hanya kepada Muhammad bin Ibrahim At-taimi, kemudian kepada Yahya bin Sa’id Al-anshory, (Semua nama yang telah disebutkan adalah para tabi’in senior), baru kemudian diriwayatkan kepada banyak muhadditsin hingga sampai ke kita.
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