Dalam ilmu nahwu para ulama telah merangkumnya dalam subuah bab yang bernama ( البناء ) atau Bina’. Sedangkan ( مبني ) adalah label atau sebutan bagi kata yang dianggap dalam kategori Bina’.
Etimologi Mabni Atau Bina’
Secara bahasa Mabni berasal dari kata ( بنى – يبني – بناء – مبني ) yang berarti : tetap, bangunan, kontruksi.
Maka, kata mabni (مبني ) adalah objek kerja dari tetap, bisa dikatakan yang ditetapkan artinya tidak bisa berubah.
Epistimologi Mabni
Menurut Dr. Abduh Ar-Rajihi dalam kitab At-Tathbiq An-Nahwy mengatakan makna mabni adalah keadaan suatu kata harus dalam satu posisi atau keadaan.
Artinya Baris atau posisi akhir suatu kata harus satu tanda dan tidak boleh berubah ia dengan berubah ‘amil di belakangnya. Intinya, apapun yang terjadi, kata tersebut tetap seperti itu.
Bisa dipahami juga bahwa mabni adalah kebalikan dari mu’rab.
Yang termasuk mabni ada 3 macam :
Semua Huruf
Huruf semuanya mabni, tidak ada “mahal” i’rab baginya, artinya huruf tidak dipengaruhi oleh “Awamil” (faktor-faktor yang merubah baris suatu kata). Huruf tidak memiliki posisi dalam kalimat, baik itu sebagai fi’il, maf’ul, tamyiz atau posisi lain.
Harus diingat bahwa para ulama nahwu memberi pengertian huruf sebagai sesuatu yang menunjukkan atas makna selainnya, artinya ia tidak mengandung makna sendiri hingga bergabung dengan yang lain.
Contohnya :
( هلْ حضر المدرسُ )
( هلْ ) : Huruf Istifham mabni diatas sukun tidak ada ‘mahal’ i’rab baginya.
(حضر ) : Fi’il mazi mabni diatas fathah.
( المدرسُ ) : Fa’il, Tandanya dhummah yang dhahir di akhirnya.
Contoh lain :
(ما جاء علي )
( أكتب بالقلم )
( يا أحمد )
Sebagian Fi’il
Fi’il Madhi :
- Mabni di atas fathah jika tidak bersambung dengan apapun atau bisa mabni pula jika bersambung dengan Alif Mutsanna atau ta’ ta’nits.
- Mabni di atas sukun jika bersambung dengan dhomir rafa’ mutahariik atau muthariikat, dhomir mukhotobah, dhomir mutsanna mukhatab, jamak mutakallim, jamak-jamak mukhothob dan nun niswah.
- Mabni di atas dhummah jika bersambung dengan waw jama’ah.
Fi’il Amar
Contoh :
(إِجْتَهِدْنَ ) Mabni di atas fathah karena bersambung dengan nun niswah.
Dan masih banyak lagi.
Fi’il Mudhari’
- Mabni di atas sukun ketika bersambung dengan nun niswah.
- Mabni atas fathah jika bersambung dengan nun taukid mubasyarah atau nun tsaqilah atau nun khofifah.
Sebagian Isim
1. Semua Dhomir
2. Isim Isyaroh
3. Isim Maushul
4. Isim fi’il
5. Isim Istifham
6. Isim Syarat
7. Isim Murakkabah
8. Isim Lam Nafi bagi jenis (Sebagian)
9. Munada (sebagian)
10. Isim Mutafarriqah
Sumber :
Kitab At-Tathbiq An-Nahwy karangan Dr. ‘Abduh Ar-Rajihi
Kawakib Ad-Duriiyah
Kamus Al-Wasith
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