Tanda nashab dalam i’rob ilmu nahwu ada 5 macam: Fathah, Alif, Kasrah, Yaa, dan buang huruf nun.
Dalam pembahasan i’rob, cara mengetahui sebuah kata atau kalimat yang berposisi nashab/manshub dalam ilmu nahwu yaitu dengan mengetahui tandanya.
Fathah
Fathah adalah tanda dasar bagi nashab. Sisanya adalah ganti daripada Fathah, yaitu Alif (ا), Kasrah (ِ), Yaa (ي), dan buang huruf nun.
Adapun Fathah(َ) menjadi tanda nashab pada 3 tempat:
- Isim mufrad
- Jamak taksir
- Fi’il mudhari’ jika didahului amil (faktor) nashab dan tidak bersambung dengan apapun setelahnya.
Pada isim Mufrad
Contoh:
رَأَيْتُ الطِّفْلَ = Aku melihat seorang anak kecil.
الطِّفْلَ : Isim mufrad manshub, tanda nashabnya Fathah yang tampak di atas huruf akhir kata tersebut.
Contoh dalam Al-Qur’an:
{وَوَهَبْنَا لَهُ إسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوْبَ}
Q.s Al-An’am: 84
{وَوَهَبْنَا لَهُ إسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوْبَ}
Q.s Al-An’am: 84
{وَإذْ وَاعَدْنَا مُوْسَى}
Q.s Al-baqarah: 51
Q.s Al-baqarah: 51
Pada jamak taksir
Contoh:
اَمْلِكُ الأَمْوَالَ = Aku memiliki beberapa harta.
الأَمْوَالَ : Jamak taksir manshub, tanda nashabnya Fathah yang tampak di atas huruf akhir.
Contoh dalam Al-Qur’an:
{وَتَرَى الجِبَالَ إِذَ تَحْسَبُهَا جَامِدَةً}
Q.s An-Namlu: 88
{وَتَرَى الجِبَالَ إِذَ تَحْسَبُهَا جَامِدَةً}
Q.s An-Namlu: 88
{وَعَدَكُمُ اللهُ مَغَنِمَ كَثِيْرَةً}
Q.s Al-Fath: 20
Q.s Al-Fath: 20
Pada Fi’il Mudhari’ (bersyarat)
Syaratnya adalah jika didahului amil (faktor) nashab dan tidak bersambung dengan apapun setelahnya.
Jika pada pembahasan tanda rofa’ dengan dhummah, disana fi’il mudhari’ dirofa’ dengan dhummah (ُ) jika tidak bersambung dengan apapun.
Sedangkan disini pada pembahasan tanda nashab dengan Fathah, ada penambahan syarat lainnya. Yaitu: jika didahului amil (faktor) nashab.
Para ulama nahwu mengatakan, ada 2 syarat Fathah(َ) agar bisa menjadi tanda nashab/manshub pada fi’il mudhari’.
Pertama, Jika masuk/didahului oleh amil nashab. Syarat ini wajib, karena tidak bisa nashab jika tidak ada amil nashab yang masuk ke atasnya.
Kedua, Tidak bersambung dengan apapun setelahnya. Maksud “setelahnya” disini adalah nun taukid (نّ) dan nun niswah.
Nun niswah adalah nun pada fi’il (kata kerja) perempuan (يَفْعِلْنَ).
Jika fi’il mudhari’ bersambung dengan nun taukid dan nun niswah. Maka, tidak bisa dinashab dengan fathah.
Contoh:
لَنْ يَذْهَبَ الرَّجُلُ
لَنْ يَذْهَبَ الرَّجُلُ
Kalimat ini sudah memenuhi syarat untuk nashab dengan fathah. Ada amil nashab dan tidak bersambung dengan apapun.
لَنْ = Huruf nashab, sebagai amil nashab.
بَ = Huruf Ba’ pada fi’il di atas adalah huruf terakhir dan tidak bersambung dengan apapun.
بَ = Huruf Ba’ pada fi’il di atas adalah huruf terakhir dan tidak bersambung dengan apapun.
Contoh yang salah:
الرَّجُلَانِ لَنْ يَذْهَبَانِ
Contoh ini tidak termasuk dalam Fathah sebagai tanda nashab, karena fi’il mudhari’-nya bersambung dengan alif tasniyyah.
النِّسَاءُ لَنْ يَذْهَبْنَ
Contoh ini tidak termasuk dalam Fathah sebagai tanda nashab, karena fi’il mudhari’-nya bersambung dengan huruf nun niswah.
Contoh ini tidak termasuk dalam Fathah sebagai tanda nashab, karena fi’il mudhari’-nya bersambung dengan huruf nun niswah.
الطَّلِبُ لَنْ يَذْهَبَنَّ
Contoh ini tidak termasuk dalam Fathah sebagai tanda nashab, karena fi’il mudhari’-nya bersambung dengan huruf nun taukid.
Contoh ini tidak termasuk dalam Fathah sebagai tanda nashab, karena fi’il mudhari’-nya bersambung dengan huruf nun taukid.
Alif(ا)
Alif merupakan ganti dari Fathah sebagai tanda nashob.
Alif menjadi tanda nashab pada asmaul khomsah atau isim yang lima.
Adapun asmaul khomsah itu yaitu:
- أَبُوْكَ = Ayah, Bapak
- أخُوْكَ = Saudara
- حَمُّوْكَ = Paman
- فُوْكَ = Mulut
- ذُوْ مَالٍ = Pemilik harta
Dalam beberapa kitab nahwu ada penambahan satu isim lagi yaitu “هَنُوْكَ” sehingga jumlahnya menjadi 6 (enam).
Maka, namanya menjadi isim yang enam atau disebut juga dengan Asmaus sittah.
“هَنُوْكَ” berarti sesuatu julukan kepada yang kotor atau buruk seperti aib.
Contoh asmaul khomsah nashab beserta i’robanya dalam bahasa Arab:
Aku muliakan (akan) saudaramu = أكْرَمتُ أَخَاكَ
أكْرَمتُ = فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ وَفَاعِلٌ
أَخَا = مَفْعُوْلٌ بِهِ مَنْصُوْبٌ وَعَلَامَتُهُ نَصْبِهِ الأَلِفُ نِيَابَةً عَنِ الفَتْحَةِ وَهُوَ مُضَافٌ
كَ = مُضَافٌ إلَيْهِ
Contoh Asmaul Khomsah nashob dalam Al-Qur’an:
{مَا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبآ أَحَدٍ مّنْ رِّجَالِكُمْ}
Q.s Al-Ahzab: 40
{وَنَحْفَظُ أَخَانَا}
Q.s Yusuf: 65
Kasrah(ِ)
Kasrah(ِ) merupakan ganti dari Fathah sebagai tanda nashab dalam i’rob ilmu nahwu.
Kasrah menjadi tanda bagi nashab pada jamak muannats salim.
Definisi Jamak Muannats Salim
جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ السّالِمِ = إِنَّهُ مَا دَلَّ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةٍ فَاَكْثَرَ بِزِيَادَةِ الأَلِفِ وَالتّاءِ مَعَ سَلَامَةِ بِنَاءِ المُفْرَدِ
Jamak Muannats Salim adalah sesuatu kata yang menunjuki (jumlah) tiga atau lebih dengan penambahan alif dan ta’ serta selamat bentuk mufradnya.
Contoh lihat pada gambar dibawah ini:
Perhatikan huruf yang bercetak merah, itu adalah tanda jamak muannats salim.
Adapun maksud dari kata “selamat bentuk mufradnya” adalh tidak berubah bentuk katanya dari mufrad hingga jamak, perhatikan yang berwarna biru.
Maka, Kasrah(ِ) menjadi tanda bagi nashab pada jamak muannats salim.
Hukum jamak muannats salim dinashab dengan kasrah, artinya tanda nashabnya itu kasrah. Contoh jamak muannats salim manshub. Perhatikan gambar berikut:
Yaa(ي)
Yaa(ي) merupakan ganti dari Fathah sebagai tanda nashab dalam i’rob ilmu nahwu.
Yaa(ي) menjadi tanda bagi nashob pada Mutsanna dan Jamak Muzakkar Salim.
Mutsanna
Berikut definisi mutsanna:
المُثنَّى = مَا دَلَّ عَلَى اثْنَيْنِ أَوْ اثْنَتَيْنِ
Mutsanna adalah kata yang menunjukkan 2 (dua), baik muzakkar maupun muannats.
Contoh Mutsanna ketika nasab:
دَعَوْتُ الطَّالِبَيْنِ = Aku panggil 2 orang murid
رَأَيْتُ الفَتَاتَيْنِ = Aku lihat 2 orang gadis
يَاْكُلُ أَحْمَدُ بَيْضَتَيْنِ = Ahmad makan 2 telur
Jamak Muzakkar Salim
Pengertian jamak muzakkar salim sudah kita sebutka di atas tadi pada masalah jamak muannats salim, pengertiannya sama.
Jamak muzakkar salim adalah jamak untuk laki-laki, sedangkan jamak muannats salim penggunaanya untuk perempuan.
Jamak muzakkar Salim dirofa’ dengan dhummah, dinasab dengan yaa’, dan dijar dengan yaa’.
Contoh jamak muzakkar salim ketika nashob:
نَظَرْتُ المُؤْمِنِيْنَ = Aku lihat orang beriman
عَلّمَ الأسْتَاذُ الطَّالِبِيْن = Ustaz mengajari para murid
اَكْرَمْتُ المُعَلِّمِيْنَ = Aku hormati para guru
Buang Huruf Nun
Buang huruf nun (ن) merupakan ganti dari Fathah sebagai tanda nashab dalam i’rob ilmu nahwu.
Buang huruf nun (ن) menjadi tanda bagi nashab pada Af’alul Khomsah atau isim yang lima yang rofa’nya dengan tetap huruf nun.
Seperti namanya Af’alul khomsah ada 5. Lihat tabel berikut:
| Fi’il | Arti |
|---|---|
| يَفْعَلُوْنَ | Mereka (laki-laki) melakukan |
| تَفْعَلُوْنَ | Mereka (perempuan) melakukan |
| يَفْعَلَانِ | Mereka (2 org laki-laki) melakukan |
| تَفْعَلَانِ | Mereka (2 org perempuan) melakukan |
| تَفْعَلِيْنَ | Kamu (perempuan) melakukan |
Fi’il-fi’il yang berjumlah lima ini dirofa’ dengan tetap huruf nun dan ketika dinashab dengan buang huruf nun.
Contoh af’alul khomsah ketika nashab:
أَنْ يَذْهَبَا = Dua lelaki itu akan pergi
أَنْ يَذْهَبَا = Dua lelaki itu akan pergi
Penjelasan:
Kata “يَذْهَبَا” pada contoh dasarnya masih ada huruf nunnya “يَذْهَبَانِ”. Dikarenakan masuk amil nashib (أَنْ) yang tugasnya menashab fi’il mudhari’.
Kata “يَذْهَبَا” pada contoh dasarnya masih ada huruf nunnya “يَذْهَبَانِ”. Dikarenakan masuk amil nashib (أَنْ) yang tugasnya menashab fi’il mudhari’.
Maka, karena tanda nashab bagi af’alul khomsah adalah dengan buang nun, maka hilanglah huruf nun pada contoh.
I’robnya:
| حَرْفٌ نَاصِبٌ | أَنْ |
|---|---|
| فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ وَهُوَ مَنْصُوْبٌ بِأَنْ وَعَلَامَةُ نَصْبِهِ حَذْفُ النُّوْنِ لأَنَّهُ مِن أَفْعَالِ الخَمْسَةِ | يَذْهَبَا |
Sumber:
Kitab Syarah Jurumiyyah
Kitab Kawakib Ad-Durriyyah
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