Di postingan blog ghoorib.com sebelumnya kita sudah membahas tentang tanda i’rob bagi nashab dalam ilmu nahwu, pembahasan selanjutnya adalah tanda i’rob bagi khofaz.
Karena i’rob dalam nahwu hanya ada 4, yaitu rofa’, nashab, khofaz, dan jazam. Maka, selesai pembahasan tanda i’rob untuk khofaz ini, sisa satu pembahasan yaitu tanda i’rob untuk jazam, semoga diberi kesempatan dan kesehatan penulis akan lanjutkan di postingan selanjutnya, stay tune!
Bab Mengenal Tanda I’rob Dalam Nahwu
Tanda i’rob dalam ilmu nahwu bahasa Arab ada 4, yaitu:
• Rofa’
• Nashab
• Khofaz/jar
• Jazam
Mangenal Tanda I’rob Bagi Khofaz Dalam Ilmu Nahwu
Dalam ilmu nahwu bahasa Arab, cara meng-i’rob suatu kalimat adalah melalui mengenal tanda-tandanya.
Adapun tanda i’rob bagi khofaz ada 3 tanda, yaitu:
• Kasrah
• Fathah
• Huruf Yaa
Kasrah adalah tanda i’rob asal atau paling utama bagi khofaz, sedangkan fathah dan huruf yaa adalah cabang atau furu’ dari tanda i’rob bagi khofaz dalam ilmu nahwu bahasa Arab.
A. Kasrah
Adapun kasrah, menjadi tanda i’rob bagi khofaz pada 3 tempat, yaitu:
1. Isim mufrad munsharif
2. Jamak taksir munsharif
3. Jamak muannats salim
Baiklah kita lihat satu persatu beserta contohnya.
1. Isim Mufrad Munsharif
Isim mufrad munsharif adalah isim yang bermakna tunggal yang bisa menerima tanwin.
Contoh kasrah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi khofaz pada isim mufrad munsharif:
الكِتَابُ عَلَى المَكْتَبِ
Artinya: Buku itu ada di atas meja
Perhatikan kata almaktabi. Kata (المَكْتَبِ) merupakan isim mufrad munsharif yang di dahului huruf jar (عَلَى). Maka, hukum kata almaktabi menjadi majrur atau khofaz, tanda khofaznya adalah harokat kasrah yang berada di huruf baa.
2. Jamak Taksir Munsharif
Jamak taksir munsharif adalah jamak yang berubah pola jamaknya dari pola mufradnya dan bisa menerima harokat tanwin.
Contoh kasrah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi khofaz pada jamak taksir munsharif:
لِلرِّجَــالِ نَصِيْبٌ
Artinya: Bagi laki-laki ada bagian … Q.S An-Nisa ayat 7
Perhatikan kata rijaali. Kata (رِجَــالِ) adalah jamak taksir dari bentuk mufrad (رَجُلٌ), karena di dahului oleh huruf khofaz (ل), maka kata rijaali tersebut menjadi majrur, tanda i’robnya adalah harokat kasrah diakhirnya.
3. Jamak Muannats Salim
Jamak muannats salim adalah bentuk jamak dalam bahasa Arab yang dikhususkan untuk perempuan atau yang semisilnya.
Contoh kasrah menjadi tanda i’rob bagi khofaz pada jamak muannats salim:
وَقُلْ لِلْمُــؤْمِنَاتِ
Artinya: Dan katakanlah kepada wanita-wanita yang beriman.
Perhatikan kata mukminaati. Kata (مُؤْمِنَاتِ) adalah jamak taksir dari bentuk mufrad (مُـؤْمِنَةٌ). Karna kata mukminati di dahului oleh huruf jar/khofaz (ل) maka hukumnya menjadi khofaz, tanda i’robnya kasrah yang berada dibawah huruf taa.
B. Fathah
Adapun fathah, menjadi tanda i’rob bagi khofaz pada 2 tempat, yaitu:
1. Isim Laa Yunsharif Mufrad
2. Isim Laa Yunshorif Jamak Taksir
Kita bahas kedua-duanya sama contoh. Lanjut baca,…
1. Isim Laa Yunsharif Mufrad
Isim laa yunsharif artinya isim yang tidak bisa menerima harokat kasrah dan tanwin.
Contoh fathah menjadi tanda i’rob untuk khofaz pada isim laa yunsharif mufrad:
وَأَوْحَيْــنَا إِلَى اِبْرَاهِيْمَ وَ إِسْمَعِيْلَ
Artinya: Dan kami wahyukan pula kepada Ibrahim, Ismail,… Q.S An-Nisa’ ayat 163
Perhatikan kata Ibrahim dan Ismail. Kata (اِبْرَاهِيْمَ) dan (إِسْمَعِيْلَ) pada contoh di atas merupakan isim laa yunsharif, artinya kedua kata tersebut tidak akan berharokat kasrah maupun tanwin.
Kata (اِبْرَاهِيْمَ) dan (إِسْمَعِيْلَ) pada contoh di atas posisinya adalah sebagai majrur atau khofaz karena didahului oleh salah satu huruf khofaz yaitu (إلَى). Tanda khofaznya adalah fathah yang dhahir pada akhir kedua kata tersebut.
2. Isim Laa Yunshorif Jamak Taksir
Jika yang pertama tadi isim laa yunshorifnya untuk mufrad, yang kedua ini untuk jamak taksir.
Contoh fathah menjadi tanda i’rob untuk khofaz pada isim laa yunsharif mufrad:
مِنْ مَــحَارِيْبَ
Artinya: Daripada gedung-gedung yang tinggi.
Perhatikan kata mahaariiba. Kata (مَــحَارِيْبَ) merupakan jamak taksir dari bentuk mufrad (مِحْرَابٌ), jamak taksirnya masuk dalam kategori jamak taksir laa yunshorif, artinya tidak bisa menerima harokat tanwin maupun kasrah.
Kata (مَــحَارِيْبَ) pada contoh hukumnya majrur atau khofaz karena didahului oleh salah satu huruf khofaz yaitu inna, karna ia merupakan isim laa yunshorif maka tanda khofaznya adalah harokat fathah yang dhohir pada akhirnya.
C. Huruf Yaa
Adapun huruf yaa, menjadi tanda i’rob bagi khofaz pada 3 segala tempat, yaitu:
1. Asmaus sittah
2. Isim tasniyyah / mutsanna
3. Jamak muzakkar salim
Terakhir huruf yaa, penulis di blog ghoorib.com akan membahasnya satu persatu, lanjut gais…
1. Asmaus Sittah
Huruf yaa menjadi tanda i’rob bagi khofaz pada asmaus sittah, pasti pembaca setia ghoorib sudah faham apa itu asmaus sittah atau isim yang 6 soalnya sudah kita bahas juga di postingan sebelumnya.
Contoh huruf yaa menjadi tanda i’rob untuk khofaz pada asmaus sittah:
ارجِعُوْا إِلَى أَبِيْــكُمْ
Artinya: Pulanglah kalian kepada bapak kalian.
Perhatikan kata abiikum. Kata (أَبِيْ) pada contoh adalah salah satu isim yang enam dan posisinya adalah sebagai majrur atau khofaz.
Oleh karena isim yang enam atau asmaus sittah dikhofaz dengan yaa, maka tanda i’robnya adalah huruf yaa pada kata abii.
2. Isim Mutsanna
Isim mutsanna atau tasniyah adalah isim yang bermakna dua.
Contoh huruf yaa menjadi tanda i’rob bagi khafaz pada isim tasniyah:
حَتَّى أَبْلُـغَ مَجْمَـعَ البَحْرَيْنِ
Artinya: Hingga sampai ke pertemuan 2 laut… Q.S Al-Kahfi ayat 60
Perhatikan kata bahraini. Kata (البَحْرَيْنِ) adalah isim tasniyah yang berarti dua laut. Posisinya adalah sebagai mudhaf ilaih, hukum mudhaf ilaih majrur dengan mudhaf tanda khofaz atau jar kata (البَحْرَيْنِ) pada contoh di atas adalah huruf yaa, karena isim tasniyah dijar dengan yaa.
3. Jamak Muzakkar Salim
Jamak muzakkar salim adalah jamak yang dikhususkan kepada laki-laki atau semisilnya, dan pola jamaknya sesuai dengan pola mufradnya, sebagaimana yang telah kita bahas pada artikel ghoorib sebelumnya.
Contoh huruf yaa menjadi tanda i’rob untuk khofaz pada jamak muzakkar salim:
قُلْ لِلْمُــؤْمِنِيْنَ
Artinya: Katakanlah kepada kaum laki-laki yang beriman.
Perhatikan kata mukminiina. Kata (مُـؤْمِنِيْنَ) pada contoh di atas adalah jamak muzakkar salim dari bentuk mufrad (مُـؤْمِنٌ).
Kata (مُـؤْمِنِيْنَ) pada contoh posisinya sebagai majrur atau khafaz karena didahului oleh salah satu huruf khofaz yaitu (ل).
Sehingga kata mukminiina pada contoh menjadi majrur atau khofaz, karena jamak muzakkar salim dikhofaz dengan yaa, maka tanda khafaz disini adalah huruf yaa yang terletak antara huruf nun pada kata diatas.
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